html Jemal, A. The first thing to know about Breast Cancer is understanding what it is. ORDER PAPER LIKE THIS, breast cancer essays. There were two sources used to complete this paper. With larger families and high cost of care, they are forced to take unwanted risks in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Fugate, L. If breast cancer essays essay belongs to you and you no longer want us to display it, you can put a claim on it and we will remove it.
Top 10 Similar Topics
We use cookies to enhance our website for you. Proceed if you agree to this policy or learn more about it. Type of paper: Essay, breast cancer essays. Topic: CancerTreatmentBreast CancerRaceInformationWomenStudybreast cancer essays, Medicine. This paper reviews the effects of effects of breast cancer at a later stage among women living in the United States of America and its relation to factors such as ethnicity, breast cancer essays, race, geographic location, and availability of insurance, breast cancer essays, breast cancer essays to medical test facilities, and course of treatments, lifestyle and socio-economic factors and so on, breast cancer essays.
A special focus has been laid on the racial and ethnic discrimination among women affected with breast cancer in regards to the surgical treatments being offered in health facilities in the United States of America. Many authors have proven the link between incidence of cancer, ethnicity, and race. Numerous studies have also shown that women from certain races are predisposed to certain type of cancers due to their genetic make-up. Disparities in treatments and survival rates also occur due to race and income inequalities. The research was specifically conducted to understand the differences in treatment and outcomes, in late stage breast cancer patients among minority populations in the United States and the comparison to non-Hispanic White women.
Breast cancer has been known as a vice among women in the world today, where its spread has been viewed to be quite uncontrollable among the medical practitioners and more so the cancer specialists. This research paper has placed its focus on the spread and effects of breast cancer at a later stage among women living in the United States of America, with the study carried out in a period of 8 years spanning from the year to the year This research paper goes ahead to investigate if there has been biasness in the treatment of breast cancer among women on the basis of their background and race. Given the fact that the women victims of breast cancer at a later stage have to undergo surgical treatment in a bid to control if not treat the vice due to its spread, the research paper gathered a control population of victims treated to find out if there existed any biasness among the medical practitioners in surgical treatment of breast cancer essays victims on the basis of ethnic background and race.
The study having been carried out in 18 cities in the United States, 77 percent of the selected sample were above the age of breast cancer essays years whereas over 55 percent of the women were diagnosed with cancer after Due to the aim of this research paper, the sample size was divided into Hispanics and Non- Hispanics and further subdivided into the Non- Hispanic White NH and the Non- Hispanic NH Black. The results indicated that out of the women of Non- Hispanic sample size, The results indicated that majority of those who did not have insurance The results concluded by indicating that there was a high mortality rate among the victims of breast cancer that were of Non- Hispanic as compared to the Hispanic, breast cancer essays, and further, a high mortality rate among the Non- Hispanic Black as compared to the Non- Hispanic White.
This was enough to conclude that there still exists high level of discrimination in the health centers on the basis of ethnic background and race. In the literature review, Li et al. Race and ethnicity influence the treatment of breast cancer significantly. According to this study, diagnosis and treatment differ greatly among women of different ethnicities and races. Through an evaluation of different sub-groups of the major races, Li et al. However, Maskarinec breast cancer essays al. While this is the case, David supports the report arguing that minority groups receive considerably lower and inappropriate care in the treatment of breast cancer. This is no different from the results indicated from this research study where it indicated that Hispanic women diagnosed with cancer at a later stage received better surgical treatment than the Non- Hispanic women with a significant level of difference in terms of the percentage analyzed in the result findings.
The importance of the findings indicated in this research study is so as to ensure that sanity is incorporated in the health care systems of the United States in a bid to eradicate the vices of racism and discrimination in breast cancer essays. Healthcare is one of the most fancied systems of operation among the population of the United States as every government is capped with the responsibility of ensuring that every breast cancer essays of the United States is guaranteed quality healthcare. On the issue of insurance, the government should ensure that it is made affordable to every citizen of the United States and that all employers provide medical insurance to their employees and families. This is so in the sense that healthcare is very expensive, and more so the treatment of cancer without insurance.
Diagnosis tends to be quite expensive and unaffordable to the middle and low income families in the United States. It is evident that Hispanics have been granted quality education as compared to their Non- Hispanics counterparts in the United States, therefore they are earning higher than the Non- Hispanics making it hard for the Non- Hispanics to afford quality healthcare and insurance. The government is therefore put on the spotlight to ensure that they level up breast cancer essays of medicare and that Obamacare is made a reality to all. The study was conducted in the 18 SEER regions of the United States, as described earlier.
The period of study was 8 years - from to and involved women with late stage breast cancer. Demographically, the sample was divided based on many parameters. These were chosen and based on the core of the four research questions. The first Research question pertained to the receipt of treatment, breast cancer essays. The sub set questions further defined them as receipt of surgical treatment or radiotherapy. The second question, breast cancer essays, the research focused on, was on the differences in treatment due to the type of insurance — again differentiated by type of treatment and incidence of surgical treatment or radiotherapy, breast cancer essays.
The third question that the research addressed was the association of race and ethnicity and insurance type. This was further divided into the type of treatment given. The fourth question was based on the disparities in the 5-year survival rates by race and ethnicity, in the SEER sample from 18 cities. In terms of the timing of diagnosis, breast cancer essays, majority The group was also divided by race and ethnicity, with the majority, being Non- Hispanic NH White followed by NH Black. The sample also was divided on the basis of insurance type and treatments given. The findings breast cancer essays this research study were analyzed for statistical significance using the Chi Square Test and the fourth question was subjected to Cox Regression to test the relationship between variables.
The question was further divided based on surgical therapy or radio therapy. The analysis showed that majority of NH White women This percentage was higher than the percentage for NH Black Similarly, the test for radiation therapy revealed that So, in relation to Questions 1, 1a, 1b, the analysis shows a direct correlation and the Null Hypothesis can be rejected and we should accept the Alternative Hypothesis. Now, we look at the results of the second question and its subsets. The second question pertained to the association between treatment and insurance type, further divided in to surgical treatment or radiation treatment, breast cancer essays. The study shows, that women who had an insurance cover were more likely to receive surgical treatment than those who did not.
For instance, This again proves that the receipt of surgical treatment was statistically significant based on insurance type. As far as the radiation therapy goes, the test shows that majority of those who did not have insurance Here, too we reject the Null Hypothesis and accept the Alternative Hypothesis. Cox Regression was used to help get the values of the covariate variables. The two variables that were measured were status occurrence of death and time survival time in months. Here again, breast cancer essays, there was a significant relationship between the variables and predictors.
The results show that the occurrence of death for NH Black group was very high compared to NH Whites. NH Blacks, therefore, are identified as the highest risk group in cancer related deaths. They not only have a low survival rate, but also show an enhanced propensity to short survival time, after onset and diagnosis. In this case too, we reject the Null Hypothesis and accept the Alternative Hypothesis. The foregoing results show that there is a great deal of association between race and ethnicity to the type of treatments, insurance type to type breast cancer essays treatments and also the wide disparity between races in terms of survival rate and time.
It is really evident from the study that the results concur with the opinion of various authors, in regard to the relationship between race or ethnicity and breast cancer, breast cancer essays. It is in agreement with Hershman et al. The data in the study shows that NH Black group in the population is a breast cancer essays risk group compared to White women. There is a high likelihood of NH Black women breast cancer essays be diagnosed with late stage cancer. The results of the breast cancer essays in some ways contradict the views of other authors like Kim et al. and Yu, who argue that increasing awareness of breast cancer and the availability of facilities have seen a decrease in late stage cases of breast cancer.
Increased efficiency in care has elevated the fight against cancer. The research shows us that, though the efficiency in care has improved the fight against cancer, the minorities are still not receiving timely diagnosis and treatment. Minority groups remain lower in the overall receipt of the right treatment and are forced to endure low survival rates compared to White women. The study also concurs with views of Li breast cancer essays al. Li et al. specifically mention Mexican and Puerto Rican patients, who were more likely to receive inappropriate breast cancer essays and care in comparison to non-Hispanic whites. The contradiction to this view is that Japanese, Korean and Chinese women, though a minority in the United States, do receive proper treatment regimens for breast cancer.
Many of the researchers have expressed similar views in terms of the relationship between ethnicity and the treatment for breast cancer. Like the research shows, the incidence of late stage breast cancer among ethnic minorities stems from various factors. Primarily, breast cancer essays, it depends on the socio economic ladder. Like a number of studies have shown, the ethnic minorities also constitute, what can be defined as, the low income group in the U. These low income groups live on daily wages and are not capable of paying for huge insurance premiums.
This is one of the fundamental reasons why low income earners, do not do monitoring and early diagnoses and do not receive treatment in time. With larger families and high cost of care, they are forced to take unwanted risks in the diagnosis of breast cancer. It is also seen, that many of the minorities are not highly educated. This is another cause for increased risk of late stage cancer in these groups. We see that there are many factors affecting the incidence and course of late stage breast cancer in minority women groups. Many of these are racial and ethnic groups are underserved in many aspects, in our society.
Low insurance coverage and social status is a direct cause that is linked to higher prevalence and incidence of late stage cancer. The living environment also plays a key role, breast cancer essays. Most of the racial and ethnic minorities are forced to live in lower class neighborhoods. Studies have shown that living in such environments and the exposure to many toxins makes these groups more susceptible to cancer. In addition, the lack of awareness, non availability of screening facilities and behavioral issues like smoking, alcoholism, breast cancer essays, drugs and obesity; contribute to the incidence of late stage breast cancer.
Research also shows that ethnic minorities are more likely to suffer from late-stage diseases that could have been breast cancer essays, with early diagnosis. The NCI SEER database is a good source of patient data that can be used in cancer research.
movie essay topics
Whenever people think about cancer they only think about the disease, the growth, and the tumors. What society fails to see is the victim behind the disease. Treating the Breast Cancer. Cancer continues to be and is increasingly a serious health problem and one of the leading causes of death in the world Saika and Sobue Breast cancer BC is one of the common diseases among women and occupy with cervical cancer the first and Breast Cancer Plant. The cancer found in the cells of the breast is Breast cancer. A mass of breast tissue that is growing in an abnormal and uncontrolled way is a cancerous tumor. A cancerous tumor may attack the nearby tissues or shed cells to the blood stream When healthy cells in the breast or ovaries change and grow out of control, they form a mass or sheet of cells called a tumor.
A tumor can be malignant cancerous or benign non-cancerous. A cancerous tumor grows and spread to other parts of the Breast Cancer Cancer Ovarian Cancer. Breast cancer awareness is an effort to raise awareness and reduce the stigma of breast cancer through education on symptoms and treatment. Supporters hope that greater knowledge will lead to earlier detection of breast cancer, which is associated with higher long-term survival rates, and that Awareness Breast Cancer. Your prognosis is your outlook or your chance of recovery from breast cancer. New and better treatments are helping people diagnosed with breast cancer live longer than ever before.
Still, breast cancer may come back or spread to another part of the body after treatment The cancer stem cell CSC hypothesis is regarded as a reasonable explanation for the rapid multiplication of cells in the disease. They are self-sufficient cells which seem to have increase tumorigenicity and self-renewal, which allow them to expand more rapidly than normal cells. While the Breast Cancer DNA Stem Cell. While there is no way to eliminate all chances of falling prey to this dreadful disease, a combined approach that targets several risks together can be Especially the combination of dietary choices that are fatty, smoking and prolonged use of excessive alcohol profoundly increases chance of breast Breast Cancer Cancer Change.
Breast Cancer Personal Experience. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and its incidence rate is increasing, especially in developing countries. This malignancy is one of the most common causes of death in women all around the world. The mean age of diagnosis in Western countries Breast Cancer Iran Woman. Breast Cancer Immunization The need for increased breast cancer screening: New Zealand The incidence of breast cancer in New Zealand is comparable to that of the rest of the developed world. In general, white, highly-educated women have a higher instance of breast cancer, and cancer risk increases with age. The need for early detection is widely acknowledged, but screening programs have come under increased scrutiny because of their high rates of false positives.
A recent study found that while "43 deaths from breast cancer prevented for every…. References Breast self-exam. National Breast Cancer Organization. women living in Western society will develop breast cancer during her lifetime. The BRCA1 protein, BRCA1p, is involved in many important cellular pathways, including regulation of the cell cycle, DNA repair, transcription, and cell proliferation. It has been shown to bind over 20 different proteins. One such protein is the retinoblastoma protein, Rbp. Rbp is the product of another tumor suppressor gene, termed Rb. Like BRCA1p, Rbp is known to be involved in regulation of the cell cycle and cell proliferation.
Regulation of cell proliferation and maintenance of genome stability are major functions of many tumor suppressors, including BRCA1p and Rbp. Rbp expression is known to decrease cell proliferation in a wide array of cells and tissues, consistent with its ubiquitous expression in…. Preventing and educing the isk of Pre-Menopausal Breast Cancer: A Proposal for Youth Education The incidence of pre-menopausal breast cancer is on the rise. In recent years many different factors have been identified that contribute to this increased risk. Among the more common include an earlier onset of menses, obesity or overweight in youth which pre-dispositions a person to breast cancer, use of hormonal replacement therapy and long-term use of oral contraceptives Claudio, ; Emanoil, Many studies have suggested that women are not taking adequate steps to assure early detection of breast cancer Emanoil, The aim of this proposal is to develop a workshop geared toward educating young adults about the risk factors associated with pre-menopausal breast cancer and educate the community about the importance of early detection.
The author hypothesizes that by addressing and educating youths, the incidence of breast cancer and deaths associated with breast cancer…. References: Claudio, L. tragedy that, at such a young age, a woman such as Igna has to deal with the pain and emotional stress of breast cancer. It is important to explore whether early detection through genetic testing and counselling could have prevented the disease, or if these pre-emptive measures would be beneficial for her two young daughters. esearch into genetic factors involved in the occurrence of breast cancer have yielded some interesting and crucial findings.
Studies have shown that mutations within certain genes have been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. The effects of genetic mutations on the risk of breast cancer have been observed to be a function of a woman's age, with the greatest ratio of age-specific risks found at young ages TransMed Network, Specifically, two major genes linked to breast cancer susceptibility are located on chromosomes 17q and 13q, and their corresponding names are BCA1 and…. References Antoniou, A. et al. Geller, G. TransMed Network, Poster: Following are copies of the articles consulted to create the poster. All were retrieved 25 October from www. The APA reference information has been placed at the head of each article, rather than the text as it appeared on the Web site as headlines and bylines.
All spot art was obtained from a icrosoft Word program, Office The pictures are free clip art, not copyrighted. Exercise and Breast-Cancer Prevention: Study Finds It's Never Too Late to Start, Activity Need Not Be Strenuous. Retrieved 25 October from www. SEATTLE, Sept. Their findings appear in the Sept. McTiernan and colleagues also found that the less a woman weighs, the more regular, moderate exercise appears to have a protective effect. Breast-cancer risk didn't budge, however, among women exercisers who were significantly overweight or obese. The weight status of the participants was determined by calculating their body-mass index, or BMI, a measure of body fat based on height and weight.
The World Health Organization divides BMI into the following categories for both men and women: underweight This kind of mammogram is called a selective or screening mammogram. This process is chosen according to the distinctiveness and preferences of women to find breast cancer when there are no obvious symptoms. Generally, a mammogram necessitates two radiographs or images of each breast. These images make it likely to identify possible tumors which cannot be felt through the skin or to find micro-calcifications that occasionally are a sign of the presence of breast cancer What is a Mammogram, Mammograms can also be utilized to find breast cancer after having discovered a lump or other indication or symptom of the cancerous tumor.
This kind of mammogram is called a diagnostic mammogram. Some indications of breast cancer are pain, skin thickening, nipple discharge or a change in breast size or shape. Nevertheless, these indications can also be a sign of a benign abnormal cellular growth. A diagnostic mammogram may also…. References Barke, Lora. Screening for Breast Cancer: A New Approach. Breast cancer has been controlled across many different variables, but it has rarely been researched specifically across socioeconomic status. The main focus is whether there is a higher incidence of breast cancer among people who are socioeconomically disadvantaged. Studies have shown that this group does have less access to health care CDC, , and even when people in this situation do have access they are less likely to actually utilize those services.
Women are much less likely to get a breast cancer screening mammogram if they are economically disadvantaged. Thus, it is actually more difficult to conduct studies regarding this population. However, there is evidence to suggest, among the women from this classification, that there is actually a lower incidence of breast cancer than in women who are economically more affluent. There have been very few studies that have looked at the socioeconomically disadvantaged population and breast cancer, but some…. References CDC. Breast cancer screening and socioeconomic status -- 35 metropolitan areas, and MMWR Weekly, 54 39 , Fugate, L.
Richer women have more breast cancer. Public Health Institute. It would be impossible for this review to be inclusive of the vast body of work that is available on the subject of breast cancer. It is useful, however, in helping medical personnel determine if the particular study cited in this work is one that might prove useful to the medical practitioner's current problem, patient, or other focus in his or her work and continuing education. A journal article appearing in Family Planning Perspectives, by D. Hollander , studies the risk factor for breast cancer for women who breast feed, versus those who do not breast feed.
The article is brief, targeting the mother-to-be, or the new mother. The article does not give D. Hollander's credentials for writing this article, but the writer's credentials probably are along the lines of journalism, if a degree at all, because the article cites professional studies in a very limited way, using a simplistic…. In this particular instance the place to start would be to launch an education program aimed at both patients and providers as to the importance of early detection screening for breast cancer. The goal would be to implement outreach strategies to improve access to screening for women who have rarely or never been screened. A second thing that would need to be done would be that of developing a transportation and child care program that could be utilized by these women in order to help them to seek services.
The hope would be that by raising awareness about the importance of early detection and providing access to screening services that a larger percentage of rural women would obtain screening procedures. Another barrier that would need to be addressed would be that of insurance availability. For those women who have access to insurance the reason for not seeking screening may be…. References Environmental Intervention Planning cfm Green, Lawrence W. And Mercer, Shawna L. Precede- Proceed Model. breast Cancer diagnosis among African-American and Caucasian women? Breast cancer in the United States is the most widely spread cancer in ladies aged 45 through The American Cancer Society in stated that, around , ladies were determined to have breast cancer, and nearly 40, of them died because of it.
It has been affirmed that race plays a part in breast cancer survival and incidence. While White women will probably get breast cancer, African-American women will most probably die from it as compared to any other group ACS, The expenses of breast cancer treatment are non-paltry and in this way its difference by race should be investigated. Chlebowski, R. Prentice, R. Ethnicity and Breast Cancer: Factors Influencing Differences in Incidence and Outcome. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, CNN Money Danforth, D. Disparities in breast cancer outcomes between Caucasian and African-American women: a model for describing the relationship of biological and nonbiological factors.
Breast Cancer Res. The site urges people to stay away from being "cut" having surgery or "poisoned" receiving chemotherapy. Instead, it takes readers on a nine-stage process to cleanse body and soul. After all, who would object to his or her patient praying or meditating? Or joining a support group? Or eating a better diet for that matter? The next site I came upon, though, did strike me as invalid. References BreastCancer. html Focus on Health. Phase 1: Introduction The research topic selected is the Support for Breast Cancer Patients. The purpose for the selection of this topic is to assess the impact that support for breast cancer survivors has on them.
The research will investigate the type of support that has tangible positive impact on the breast cancer survivor. Surviving breast cancer can be a traumatic encounter for any patient. Having some form of support from professionals may be necessary to help the survivors in their psychological recovery process. Research shows that participating in breast cancer support groups is fundamental for the reduction of anxiety and stress that emanates from diagnosis with breast cancer. This research will investigate the legitimacy and impact of breast cancer support.
The outcomes of this research are supposed to educate cancer survivors and breast cancer support groups on the importance of support. Diagnosis with breast cancer can be a devastating…. References Admiraal, J. Web-Based Tailored Psychoeducation for Breast Cancer Patients at the Onset of the Survivorship Phase: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 54 4 , — Private struggle: Why some with breast cancer keep it to themselves, CBS News. Comparing support to breast cancer patients from online communities and face-to-face support groups. Patient Education and Counseling, 85 2. The effects of psychoeducation and telephone counseling on the adjustment of women with early-stage breast cancer.
Applied Nursing Research, 25 1 , 3— The subjects for the study were referred by local oncologists and to protect their rights they were provided with informed consent before participating. In other words, what would be studied and why was explained to them and they could then decide whether they wanted to participate or decline. There was no requirement to participate and patients could stop any time that they felt uncomfortable. It is vital that individuals who are participating in something like this are made to feel comfortable and that they are clear on the fact that they are capable of choosing to discontinue participation. It is very difficult to get honest and complete answers from people who feel as though they have been coerced into something.
It is a much better choice when people are participating of their own free will and when they feel as though they are gaining something and helping others in the…. References Berger, a. Treating fatigue in cancer patients. Oncologist, 8 Suppl 1 , Genes Come to the Fore in New Cancer Analysis. Cancer risk factors associated with insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels in healthy women" Barnes et al. The method for determining causality in this study was the statistical program. In this, a variety of statistical tests were run on the data, including t-test, Chi-Squared, Fisher's exact test, and Pearson correlations.
The study also sought to control for other factors. This is necessary because there are many different potential factors that can influence the development of disease. The control and study groups, and the statistical tests used, need to isolate the independent variable in order to demonstrate that it is a causal factor. This statistical work owes a lot of its underpinnings to Bradford Hill, but also the web of causation. The web of causation reflects that disease is related to many different factors. The factors may in turn influence each other.
References Barnes, B. Cancer risk factors associated with insulin-like growth factor IGF -I and IGF-binding protein-3 levels in healthy women: Effect modification by menopausal status. Cancer Causes Control. Friedman, G. Prime of epidemiology. Introduction Breast cancer ranks among the top most common types of cancers among women all around the globe. In addition to being a dreaded disease, cancer, in general, attracts very culturally biased opinions. In Japan, breast cancer is among the most common cancers among women and statistic show that breast cancer incidences are only increasing with time. Statistics show that more than women in Japan are diagnosed with breast cancer annually. References Bhatti, Z.
Chronic diseases influence major life changing decisions: a new domain in quality of life research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 6 , — Billig, M. Cambridge University Press. Blazer, D. National Academies Press. Bruce, A. Narrative research evolving: Evolving through narrative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 15 1 , Daher, M. Cultural beliefs and values in cancer patients. Haste, H. The sexual metaphor: Men, women, and the thinking that makes the difference. Leach, J. Gaskell Eds.
Qualitative researching with text, image and sound: A practical handbook pp. Matsuyama, R. Cultural perceptions in cancer care among African-American and Caucasian patients. Journal of the National Medical Association, 99 10 , Introduction The ability to critically evaluate a quantitative design research literature is a significant skill for any practitioner in any discipline, including nursing. Critically evaluating an article enables the practitioner to rightfully judge the usefulness and integrity of the evidence as well as the conclusions made in the article. The driving force of research based on evidence is the ability to interpret and quantify a phenomenon as well as examine the relationship among variables numerically. In the case of nursing, the research trend has been evolving from being centered on interactions among the nurses and the patients to finding evidence that would be necessary for nursing practice.
Mainly, the main researches have been focused on quantitative research which involves collecting data o variable sand analyzing it. This helps in identifying the…. Journal of pain and symptom management, 54 4 , Setoyama, Y. Patient education and counseling, 85 2 , ee Sherman, D. Applied Nursing Research, 25 1 , Nursing: NR Week 1 IHumanA woman of age 42 tells about two breast lumps for which clinical examination is to be conducted. Breast lumps are sometimes not serious as they go away on their own if they are not painful, mainly because of a benign breast condition.
However, in this patients case, the woman has a family history of breast cancer and has been diagnosed personally for her medical breast illnesses. This paper aims to deliver three differential diagnoses and actual prescriptions for the patients final diagnosis, along with patient education prospects. Three Differential DiagnosesThe three differential diagnoses that could be the reasons for lumps in the patients breasts are as follows:i. Ductal hyperplasia, for which the patient has a history as well. The overgrowth of the cells with fluid inside, mainly not painful, inside the breast could be possible for the current condition and now had reoccurred.
Though it has…. Hyperplasia of the breast ductal or lobular. html Cleveland Clinic. Tamoxifen and breast cancer. Atypical ductal hyperplasia ADH. html Laino, C. Heat therapy fights soft-tissue tumors. Web MD. Epidemiology The Agency for Healthcare esearch and Quality has issued its recommendations for breast cancer screening. In this article, they make a few different recommendations. First, they recommend screening for women years. They note that women under 50 should make the choice for themselves as to whether or not they wish to begin screening.
They note that there is little evidence to support screening age 75 onward. This body, however, recommends against teaching breast self-examination. Also noted is that "the current evidence is insufficient to assess the additional benefits and harms of clinical breast examination beyond mammography. They also find that there is insufficient evidence of incremental benefits for the use of digital mammography or MI. The lack of evidence does not mean that these things are ineffective or do not provide value, just that there is no evidence that they do, which is different. The most controversial aspect…. References Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Preventive Services Task Force: Screening for breast cancer. htm Dundar, P. The knowledge and attitudes of breast self-examination and mammography in a group of women in a rural area in Western Turkey.
Knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among female undergraduate students of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Northwestern Nigeia. Annals of African Medicine. Rosotowich, V. Breast self-examination. SOGC Committee Opinion. cancer genes that are associated with breast cancer. Scientists have known for years that the most common breast cancer genes are BRCA1 AND BRCA2, but there are many more than those two genes that scientists now much cope with. Another aspect of the focus is on whether or not to tell a woman that she has genes that might lead to breast cancer; the ethical questions are serious and this is complicated by the fact that ovarian cancer and breast cancer "share genetic risk factors. The identification of BRCA1 and BRCA2 was thought to hold the keys to identifying those women who had those genes as possible breast cancer victims.
But with the "rapid expansion of…. Works Cited Kean, S. The 'Other' Breast Cancer Genes. Science, Vol. Screening for breast cancer before there are symptoms is very important. Screening helps doctors find and treat cancer in its early stages. Treatment is more likely to be successful when the cancer is detected early. A doctor may suggest any of the following screening tests for breast cancer: screening mammogram, clinical breast exam, beast self-exam Stoppler, Mammograms can often show a breast lump before it can even be felt.
A mammogram is a picture of the breast that is made with an x-ray. It can also show a cluster of tiny deposits of calcium. These deposits are known as micro calcifications. Lumps can be from cancer, precancerous cells, or a host of other conditions. Further tests may be needed to find out if abnormal cells are present. Women in their 40s and older should have mammograms every 1 to 2 years Stoppler, During a clinical breast exam the…. References Cancer Gap Between Whites, Blacks May Be Biological in Part. html National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Retrieved August 11, , from American. He visualized and described the malignancy process. He suggested that early that "cells of tumors with unlimited growth" would develop with the elimination of chromosomes, which inhibit the growth.
The multiple genetic alterations in these inhibiting chromosomes are today known as TSGs. The theory supposes that cancer arises from functional defect or absence of one or more TSGs. Clinical trials of TSG gene replacement therapy for breast cancer include the viral wild-type p53, Rb, and mda7. Molecular chemotherapy involves the introduction of suicide genes. The concept evolved from the assumption that cancer cells could be made more sensitive to chemotherapeutics or toxins by introducing "suicide genes. Suicide gene therapy is categorized into toxin gene therapy and enzyme-activating pro-drug therapy. Suicide gene therapy is also called gene-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy or GDEPT.
GDEPT treatment consists of the delivery of the…. D and Criss, Wayne E Gene therapy in human breast cancer. pdf Lowery, A. MicroRNA signatures predict oestrogen receptor,. obb-Nicholson's data best supports the scenario that more incidents of breast cancer will be discovered due to the reduced number of screenings that the new guidelines suggest. According to the numbers she gives, the mortality rate for breast cancer decreases every year and this decrease can be attributed to the previous screening guidelines. She writes that the USPSTF has based the new guidelines on statistics rather than clinical data and the message that they are conveying to the public is that the number of deaths that regular screenings at beginning at the age of forty is too small to keep the guidelines as they were previously.
There was not enough clinical data to support the change in guidelines. Also, because the mortality rate for breast cancer has steadily declined with women following…. References Cited 1. Cancer Weekly. Concerned Federal Screening Mammography Guidelines to Limit Access for Younger Women. Susan G. Komen for the Cure. Stick with Older Mammography Recommendations. Stanford Experts Say. Hoppel, Ann M. To screen, and when to screen: the mammography age divide. Clinician Reviews. Journal of the American Academy of Physicians Assistants. USP-STF: no routine mammography for women younger than 50 years. True Courage; Facing Breast Cancer When we think of courage it is easy to look at heroes that are portrayed in the media; individuals who may be seen as an inspiration because they have faced difficult situations, often where there is a significant amount of danger, putting the needs of others before their own safety.
There is little doubt that this is courage, but it is only one form of courage. If courage is defined as facing fears and have the resolution to overcoming difficulties there are many types of courage that may go unnoticed as they do not attack headline news or gossip. It can take courage to stand up to bullies, especially if they are larger or more powerful than yourself, to stand up for what you believe in even if others disagree and to overcome a phobia. These all require courage, as they involve facing a fear…. The authors point out that nurses have the ability to influence patient expectations of care if they are educated properly.
However the article also suggests that more attention needs to be paid to educating nurses regarding the psychological impact a diagnosis with breast cancer may have. These findings apply to any situation where a nurse is caring for patients with potentially life threatening illness. The article also suggests that further research should be conducted to determine the extent to which nurse's perceptions of patient outcome may impact a patient's psychological state and ability to remain optimistic throughout therapy. The article can be used as the impetus necessary to incorporate more psychosocial coursework in nursing education. eference: Powe, B. Reference: Powe, B. Against Odds: Australian Women's Experiences ecovery Breast Cancer Elmir, , Jackson, D, Beale, B. Against all odds: Australian women's experiences of recovery from breast cancer.
Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, pp. The purpose of the study was to create an understanding of the experiences of women who under-go breast cancer surgeries. Elmir et al. The underlying principle behind the study carried out by Elmir and associates is the prevalence of breast cancer among younger women and inadequate studies concerning recuperating from breast cancer-linked surgery. References Willig, C Introducing qualitative research in psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill International. Pequegnat, W.
How to write a successful research grant application: A guide for social and behavioral scientists. New York: Springer. McMurray, A. Community health and wellness: Primary health care in practice. Australia: Elsevier Australia. Mott, D Emergency room use: A phenomenological study of community-based healthcare. Texas: ProQuest. Stereotactic Breast Biopsy Breast cancer is a very common disease, and is the most common type of cancer in women, although it is not unheard of for a man to have breast cancer. Approximately 50, women die from breast cancer every year.
Early detection is an important factor in the successful treatment of breast cancer. Utilizing monthly self breast exams, periodic professional exams, and mammography breast cancer can usually be detected early. With early detection, breast cancer can be treated more effectively and patient outcomes improve. Mammograms are an essential part of this screening process. Although there is some controversy, the generally accepted recommendations for mammogram include a screening mammogram at age 35, annual mammograms every one or two years from age , and an annual mammogram after age Reference: Robert L. Howisey, Marita B. Acheson, Ronald K. Rowbotham and Alan Morgan, A Comparison of Medicare Reimbursement and Results for Various Imaging-guided Breast Biopsy Techniques American Journal of Surgery, May International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification ICDCM.
Medical Advances in Cancer Treatment Research This paper discusses the medical advances in cancer treatment research. The writer explores several treatment options and compares them to treatment options of the past. There were two sources used to complete this paper. There was a time when a diagnosis of cancer meant a death sentence. The word still strikes a chord of fear among the millions each year who are told they have it, but in recent years there have been many advances in medical science that allow many who would have died from the disease to live long and full lives. There are more cancer survivors now than ever before and treatment options continue to be made available.
In the past there were only two options for the treatment of cancer. One could have surgery and one could be given a course of radiation treatments. The surgery was for the purpose…. In the daily diet; 5 Include cruciferous vegetables in the diet. russels sprouts, kohlrabi and cauliflower ; 6 Consume alcoholic beverages only moderately; and 7 Only moderately consume salt-cured, smoked and nitrate cured foods. American Cancer Society, , pp. While some of these have been banned due to having been shown to cause cancer in animals others are believed to protect against carcinogens.
Vitamin E -- Vitamin E is an oxidant and while it may prevent cancer in animals more research is needed of the role Vitamin E plays in preventing cancer in humans. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, Inc. Brown, J. Ca Cancer J. Doyle, Leonard New Film Exposes Unsavory Side of U. Food Industry. html Jemal, A. Cancer Journal for Clinicians. This is related to bronchitis, asthma and long-term conditions such as lung cancer and bladder cancer obinson, It is estimated that the chances of getting bladder cancer is high for ex-smokers and passive smokers even after thirty years later. This brings us to the question of management of bladder cancer for current and ex-smokers as well as passive smokers.
The management of bladder cancer is a three-pronged approach that involves reducing the progression of the disease, protecting the bladder and increasing the chances of survival. The course of treatment depends to a large extent on the stage of the cancer. During the earlier stages, surgery, trans urethral resection, intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy are used to contain the disease and prevent it from progressing further. The malignant areas are treated with one of the above procedures to remove the tumor. In the case of a more advanced stage, radical cystectomy…. References Cancer Research UK. Cancer in the UK: April Personality and Disease. Abrahamson; Seligman; Teasdale. Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation.
Abnormal Psychology. Vol pp McAllister, Robert. May Viral Etiology of Cancer: Two Hypotheses with relevance to chemical exposure. Vol 53 5. diet and cancer. The orks Cited five sources in MLA format. Food, Diet and Cancer Diet is fuel for our body. On the same account a balanced nutritious intake is what a human body needs more than anything. Hence food is one of the most cardinal factors that determine the quality of our healthy as well as the longevity of our lives. Knowing which food to eat in what quantity and how food helps us in building our defence mechanisms is essential.
This argumentative essay based on thorough analysis as well as extensive research revolves around and proves the following thesis statement: There is a correlation between diet and cancer Correlation between milk as well as other dairy products and Cancer There are several forms of cancer killing thousands of people worldwide. One of the most common types of cancer is breast cancer affecting women under the age of 50…. Works Cited Got breast cancer. html March 20, Cancer fighters for food. htm March 20, Fried Food Link to Some Cancers Disputed. html March 20, Study doubts acrylamide in food causes cancer.
htm March 20, omen's Health Law eekly, Retrieved March 1, from Research Library database. Document ID: CNSs need skills in mental health. Cancer Nursing Practice, 8 1 , 6. Retrieved March 1, , from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete database. Lance Armstrong Foundation. Official ebsite. Retrieved March 1, Neuman's System's Model. University of Florida. Psychiatric disorders following first breast cancer recurrence: Prevalence, associated factors and relationship to quality of life. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 35 6 , Retrieved March 1, , from ProQuest Medical Library database. Quinlin, Patrick. Beating cancer with nutrition. Nutrition Times Press.
An audit of levels of psychological support referrals for cancer patients. Cancer Nursing Practice,…. Works Cited Agnew, Thelma.
No comments:
Post a Comment